Name of the letter L. How to pronounce this difficult letter l. Correct articulation of the L sound

The magical age from two to five flies by quickly, when parents are thrilled by any new word mastered by their home linguist. Baby babble seems richer and richer than classic adult speech. And the parents themselves are not averse to lisping with their child in his bizarre language, wittingly or unwittingly creating situations for the incorrect formation of speech and pronunciation skills.

Writing and pronunciation of the letter and sound L

Caution: physiological dyslalia

But by the age of four you need to be on your guard: the time for correct speech comes, and the baby simply does not know how to pronounce some sounds. And if you leave it to chance, and don’t teach him to speak correctly in time, you can make your child the subject of mockery and ridicule for the rest of his life. And he will probably have problems with spelling. Along with the difficult consonant “R”, many children do not know how to pronounce the letter “L”.

This speech defect is called physiological dyslalia in speech therapy and is quite common among children from four to six years old.

Over time, many people themselves can learn to speak correctly. This is how a child can distort the letter "L".

• The baby does not hear this sound and completely misses it: instead of “ruler” he says “frost”.
• “L” is replaced by the sound “U” or “V”: “spoon” - “vozhka”; "Larissa" - "Varisa". At the same time, children try to pronounce “L” not with the tip of their tongue, but with their lips
• Instead of “L” it is pronounced “Y”: “hammer” - “myotok”
• The child confuses the hard and soft letter “L”.

Before contacting a speech therapist, it is useful for parents to become familiar with the rules of pronunciation of the sound L and teach them to their child. Perhaps after home lessons he will begin to say this sound correctly.

Correct articulation of the L sound

Before you start practicing, you need to practice pronouncing this sound according to all the rules in front of a mirror. It is likely that the child received a speech defect as a result of the incorrect pronunciation of the letter “L” by someone in the family.

Pronunciation of the hard sound L

After strengthening the solid “L” with a series of words, we continue to ensure that the child clearly pronounces all sounds, correct and remind him how to correctly pronounce this particular letter.

Articulation gymnastics

Exercises that increase the mobility of the tongue and lips will help you quickly learn how to correctly pronounce various sounds, and this applies not only to one letter “L”.

Today, researchers have proven that fine motor skills of the hands are directly related to speech, so modeling, finger games, and small toys for a baby are necessary to learn to speak correctly.

If, after much effort, the child still cannot pronounce the letter “L” correctly, it is necessary to contact a speech therapist. Perhaps it is a malocclusion, a neurological disease, or stress. It is important to remember that the age from 4 to 6 years is the most favorable for learning correct speech; later it will be necessary to eliminate the ingrained skill, and this is more difficult to do.

The letter L is the 13th letter of the Russian alphabet. The letter L denotes a consonant voiced sound: hard [L] and soft [L "].

Words starting with L: forest, summer, medicine, swallow, linden, forehead, beam, hatch, ice, elevator, frog, skis, lamp, lily of the valley, flippers, boat, lily, lion, camp, palm, Latvia, liar, lavender, left-handed, easy , lecture, medicine, sculpt, pilot, sticky, treat, loggia, lotion, bald spot,

Letter L in the middle of a word: elephant, street, smile, orange, squirrel, pancakes, business, tree, hollow, drops, bee, snail, Julia, bread, Alice, blouse, oar, fork, hair, clay, voice, clown, baby, scarecrow, film , dolphin, iron,

The letter L at the end of words: table, chair, spruce, chalk, dust, oval, piano, corner, knot, angel, glass, station, ball, woodpecker, cauldron, pencil case, falcon, case, torch, jackal, football, mineral, Istanbul, motorcycle,

Several letters L in a word: bell, lily,

Poems ( , )

Mom and I are learning letters.
The "L" has the word "onion".
Biting, whiny,
Almost as beautiful as "A"...
/N. Rybakova/

A little fox is walking through the forest,
The little fox repeats the letters,
One two three four five,
How not to lose the letter L?

Leaned against the spruce spruce -
The result is the letter "El".

We were flying high
We were flying low.
We flew far
We were flying close.

We were mowing, we were tired,
They lay down under a bush and slept.
We sat down and sat
And they flew again.

The swans were flying
And they sat down on the water
Water was poured, poured, poured,
They watered, they watered,
Lyalenka was given a bath.

Let's write the letter L first.
Two boards cover the roof.
Let's put on a belt for the letter L -
Let's change L to letter A.
Let's write the letter L again.
Let's underline it with a line below,
We put the legs on the sides -
The letter D comes out to us.
If you are two letters L
I managed to write next to it,
Then they are for the joy of everyone
Will turn into the letter M.

Tongue Twisters ( , )
In the meadow under the burdock
The frog has a summer home.
And in the swamp there are frogs
She has a big dacha.

He sat down and ate everything.

Polkan pushed the stick with his paw.

Mila's mother washed her with soap.

Malanya the scrambled milk was chattering,
Mila didn't like soap.
She chatted, but didn’t blurt it out!

Puzzles ( , )

At the frog Lushka -
Bouncing legs.
Kwack-slap! Kwack-slap!
M in a swamp with a bump!
So that the crane doesn't eat it,
Lushka became a letter...

I erased our eraser from the paper
Everything the pencil did
But I couldn’t do the ink -
Turned into a letter...

In the meadow under the burdock
The frog has a summer home.
And in the frog swamp
She has a big dacha.

The ship was carrying caramel
The ship ran aground
And the sailors for three weeks
We ate the caramel broke.

Pickled cucumber
The son salted it, and the father ate it.

Mom did not spare soap.
Mom washed Mila with soap.
Mila didn't like soap
Mila dropped the soap.

Pure talk ()

AL-AL-AL - we will have a ball.
OL-OL-OL - the floor in the hall needs to be washed.
OL-OL-OL - we put a table in the hall.
UL-UL-UL - we’ll put a chair at the table.
AL-AL-AL - the guests are entering the hall.
AL-AL-AL - Leonid broke his glass.
LU-LU-LU - there are fragments on the floor.
LY-LY-LY - you need to sweep the floors.
AL-AL-AL - oh, what a fun ball!

Image of the letter L and pictures of the letter L ()

Somehow I accidentally noticed that my little son, who is 4 years 9 years old, cannot pronounce the hard letter L (before this there was the opposite problem - he pronounced consonant sounds too hard and there was no softness in them). Because speech therapy (a) you have to wait a long time for your turn (we have already been waiting for 2 months) and (b) it is expensive, I decided to look for information on how to correct this speech defect myself.

Here are the recommendations that I found (source No. 1 and No. 2, added below from source No. 3):
1) bite the tip of your outstretched tongue and, stretching your lips in a very wide smile, pronounce the sound “s-s-s” in this position of the lips, teeth and tongue;
2) smile, while opening your mouth (there should be a gap of about 2 cm between the upper and lower teeth), and hide the tip of the tongue behind the upper incisors and pronounce the sound “s-s-s”;
--> When there is a pure sound “L”, proceed to pronouncing the sound in the syllables “AL-OL-UL-YL”, “LA, LO, LU, LY, LE”, then “ALA, OLO, ULU, YLY, ALO , ULA...", then to words, phrases, tongue twisters.
3) open your mouth wide, place your tongue on your lower lip, and, opening and closing your mouth, pronounce the sounds “la”, “lo”, “lu”, “ly”, while holding the chin with your hand so that it does not move;
4) Exercise “Brushing your teeth”: Move your wide tongue along the upper and lower lips, as if brushing your teeth, from the inside and outside;
5) “Delicious jam”: Lick with a wide tongue from the upper and lower lips;
6) Stick out your tongue and try to reach the tip of your nose;
7) “Painter”: Use the tip of your tongue to move along the upper palate, as if you were painting it
--> After 1-2 weeks of exercise, you need to learn a poem. It is very important to pronounce all sounds clearly and loudly.
"Winter has come to visit us,
The houses became white.
Snow flies here and there.
The kids are going for a walk.
The yard is white.
There was a lot of snow.
You can hear the screams of children,
The sled is rolling down the mountain"
8) the tip of the tongue should be “pressed (pressed)” into the upper two front teeth and try to pronounce “L”;
9) Press the tip of your tongue against your upper incisors. The tongue should touch the teeth. Push your tongue forcefully against your teeth, while pronouncing “varnish”, “puddle”, “swan”, “chandelier”, “spoon”, “skis”. Note that depending on the vowel sound after the "l", the position of the tongue changes slightly. When pronouncing the word “chandelier,” the tongue no longer rests on the teeth, but on the upper palate. And when pronouncing the word “skis” - at the very edge of the upper incisors. But the principle of pronouncing the sound “l” is the same - the tongue is pushed away from the obstacle with force.
10) If you can’t immediately say a distinct “l,” then you need to force your tongue to work. To do this, do the following exercise:
- when pronouncing the sound “l” in the above words, clamp your tongue with the tips of the upper and lower incisors, as if biting it. This way you will fix your tongue and teach it to the correct position.
11) Repeat the following tongue twisters slowly and clearly:
- “Karl stole corals from Clara, and Clara stole Karl’s clarinet”;
- “Thirty-three ships tacked and tacked, tacked and tacked, tacked and tacked, but didn’t tack”;
— “Vlas’s daughter rinsed the striped mattresses, rinsed and rinsed, the river became striped.”

Added later:
1) It is necessary to explain the characteristic feature of the articulation of the sound L and reinforce it visually: “When we correctly say the sound L, the tip of the tongue rises to the upper front teeth, presses against the front teeth, pushes the teeth, the lips smile and all the teeth are visible.”

Tricks, if instead of “L” the child pronounces the sound “V” - read.

Tricks if instead of “L” the child pronounces the sound “L”:
1) We ask the child to repeat speech material with his tongue sticking out strongly, his teeth touching almost the back of his tongue. At the same time, phonemic work is being carried out. Next, the tip of the tongue gradually moves behind the upper teeth.
2) Bite the sharp tip of your tongue on the sound “L” in an automated language.

Setting and consolidating the sound L from the book by E.M. Kosinova.

Articulation gymnastics- read and watch!

Tale about the letter L()

The letters M, S, U calmed her down.
- Good words also begin with your letter: lbdi, forest, literature, ray (sunny and warm).
The letter L is cheerful.
- Indeed, many good words begin with my letter: summer, swallow, horse, moon.
-And there is also a good, kind word “affection”. Affection is a manifestation of tenderness, good disposition, and kindness.
And the other letters of the Alphabet said to the letter L:
- Letter L! We love you! After all, one of the most important words - “love” begins with the letter L.

Tale about the letter L()

“I don’t want to sleep, I won’t go to bed,” the girl was capricious.

Mom frowned threateningly, but the letter L quietly whispered the magic word “I love” into her ear.

“I love you, my baby,” the mother said tenderly and hugged her daughter. Mom kissed her, and the girl calmly fell asleep.

“Big and small people need love and affection more than anything in the world,” thought the letter L.

She flew everywhere and gently whispered: “I love, I love, I love,” so that no one would forget to say this magic word.

On the floor, just below the letter "K", lived the letter "L". It was the kindest and cheerful, most affectionate letter of the Alphabet. She was always, always in a good mood, no one ever saw her cry or get upset, no! On the contrary, she always walked around and hummed some melody, like this:

- La-la-la, la-la-la, la-la-la-la-la-la-la.

And everyone who met her felt at ease and happy too. After all, the word “love” begins with the letter “L”! And the letter “L” loved everyone, and the other letters reciprocated their love!

One day a saddened letter “O” came to her. She was very offended because of something and cried and sighed:

- Oh, oh, oh, I feel bad, offended, oh!

– Don’t cry, letter “O”, I’ll caress you now and fill you with “love”!

Near the letter “L” there was a pot of liquid in the kitchen cabinet, on which was written: “love.” Everyone knew about this, and if someone felt bad, they went to the letter “L” for help. She gave the sick this drink, “love”, because this is the best medicine, right? And everyone immediately recovered.

And the letter “L,” as usual, opened her closet to get this pot, but alas, the closet was empty! The pot of love was not there!

- Oh, what should I do? – exclaimed the letter “L”. - How can I help the letter “O”?

She ran to the letter “A”, which was the most important and smartest in the Alphabet and knew everything. She told the letter “A” about what happened, and she immediately called all the letters for a meeting and asked:

– Where can I find a pot of love?

They thought about the letters, they thought about it, but they couldn’t come up with anything. Then suddenly the letter “I” said:

– Maybe we should ask the Earth?

- Near the Earth? - Everyone was surprised.

- Well, yes, near the Earth. She is full of love, she loves everyone! Look, what beautiful flowers there are on her, trees growing, and she loves everyone, feeds them, the birds, the fish, the animals, us and the kids too.

“Well, okay,” said the letter “A,” “then you, the letter “L” and the letter “I,” go and ask, and I’ll go about my business, I have a lot to do!”

And she dismissed the council and left on business.

And the letter “L” and the letter “I” went down to the very first, lowest floor, where the letter “I” lived, and went out into the garden that she grew. They sat down on the ant grass under the apple tree in the garden and let Mother Earth ask:

- Earth! Earth! Listen to us please! Answer us the question: “Where is the pot of love, where did it go near the letter “L”?

- Oh, my stupid little letters! Look for a pot of love, but there was no love in that pot at all!

- How did this not happen? – our letters were surprised.

- Yes! This love was in the heart of the letter “L” all the time! She just has it big, big and kind! And there's a lot of love there! And when she gave the other letters liquid from the pot, the liquid became saturated with her love and healed the other letters! And they too, they all have love in their hearts.

It’s just that those who feel bad have forgotten about her. They need to help find her again.

- So what should I do now with the letter “O”, which sits there and cries? – asked the letter “L”?

- And you take my leaves from raspberries, currants, cherries, chamomile flowers, pick them all, and brew it all into tea! And drink the letter “O”! Just do everything with love, as before. Remember, it is in you, not in that pot!

- Thank you! Thank you! - the letters shouted cheerfully, picked up leaves and ran upstairs to the apartment of the letter “L”, where the offended letter “O” was sitting and crying.

And the letter “L” brewed fragrant tea with love and gave it to the letter “O” with love. And I wished her with all my heart to get well soon and never cry!

And the letter “O” drank this wonderful tea, which was completely saturated with love - the best medicine, and she immediately felt better. She listened to herself: “Oh! I already feel good! My heart is beating inside me, and it is filled with love!”

Listen, is there love in your heart? Knock-knock, knock-knock... Do you feel how it beats, how warm it is in your chest? So there is love there!

If possible, it means the softness of the consonants, being after them, and the sound [o]; in all other cases it sounds like .
In native Russian words (in addition to words with the prefixes three- and four-), it is always under stress. Cases of unstressed use are rare, mainly these are borrowed words - for example, Königsberg surfers, complex words - loess-like or words with three- and four-prefixes - for example, four-part. Here the letter is phonetically equivalent to the unstressed “e”, “i”, “ya” or has a side stress, but can also reflect the characteristic features of writing in the source language.

In the Russian language (i.e., in Russian writing), the letter “е” stands, first of all, where the sound [(j)o] comes from [(j)e], this explains the form derived from “e” letters (borrowed from Western scripts). In Russian writing, unlike Belarusian, according to the rules for using letters, placing dots above the “е” is optional.

In other Slavic Cyrillic alphabet there is no letter “ё”. To indicate the corresponding sounds in writing in the Ukrainian and Bulgarian languages, after consonants they write “yo” and in other cases - “yo”. Serbian writing (and the Macedonian one based on it) generally does not have special letters for iotated vowels and/or softening the preceding consonant, since to distinguish syllables with a hard and soft consonant they use different consonants, and not different vowel letters, and iot is always written a separate letter.

In the Church and Old Church Slavonic alphabets there is no letter equivalent to “е”, since there are no such combinations of sounds; Russian “yokanye” is a common mistake when reading Church Slavonic texts.

Superscript element and its name

There is no generally accepted official term for the extension element present in the letter “e”. In traditional linguistics and pedagogy, the word “colon” ​​was used, but most often in the last hundred years they used a less formal expression - “two dots”, or generally tried to avoid mentioning this element separately.

It is considered incorrect to use foreign language terms (dialytics, diaresis, trema or umlaut) in this situation, since they relate to diacritics and denote, first of all, a specific phonetic function.

Historical aspects

Introduction of Yo into use

For a long time, the sound combination (and after soft consonants - [o]), which appeared in Russian pronunciation, was not expressed in any way in writing. From the middle of the 18th century. they were designated by the letters IO, located under a common cap. But such a designation was cumbersome and was rarely used. The following variants were used: the signs o, iô, ьо, іо, ió.

In 1783, instead of the existing options, they proposed the letter “e”, borrowing from French, where it has a different meaning. However, it was first used in print only 12 years later (in 1795). The influence of the Swedish alphabet was also assumed.

In 1783, on November 29 (Old Style - November 18) at the home of the head of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Princess E. R. Dashkova, one of the 1st meetings of the newly formed Russian Academy was held, where Fonvizin D. I., Knyazhnin were present Ya. B., Derzhavin G. R., Lepyokhin I. I., Metropolitan Gabriel and others. They discussed the project of a complete version of the explanatory dictionary (Slavic-Russian), subsequently the famous 6-volume Dictionary of the Russian Academy.

The academicians were about to go home, like E.R. Dashkova asked if any of them could write the word “Christmas tree.” The learned men thought that the princess was joking, but she wrote the word “yolk”, which she had pronounced, and asked the question: “Is it legal to represent one sound with two letters?” She also noted: “These reprimands have already been introduced by custom, which, when it does not contradict common sense, should be followed in every possible way.” Ekaterina Dashkova suggested using the “newborn” letter “e” “to express words and reprimands, with this consent, beginning as matiory, iolka, iozh, iol.”

She turned out to be convincing in her arguments, and Gabriel, Metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Petersburg, who is a member of the Academy of Sciences, was asked to evaluate the rationality of introducing a new letter. So, in 1784, on November 18, the official recognition of the letter “e” took place.

The princess's innovative idea was supported by a number of leading cultural figures of that period, incl. and Derzhavin, who was the first to use “ё” for personal correspondence. And the first printed publication in which the appearance of the letter “е” was noticed was in 1795 the book “And My Trinkets” by I. Dmitriev, published by the Moscow University Printing House of H. A. Claudia and H. Riediger (in this printing house since 1788 published the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti”, and it was located on the site of the present building of the Central Telegraph).

The first word printed with the letter “ё” became “everything”, then “vasilyochik”, “penek”, “light”, “immortal”. For the first time, a surname with this letter (“Potemkin”) was printed by G. R. Derzhavin in 1798.

The letter “e” became famous thanks to N.M. Karamzin, so until recently he was considered its author, until the story outlined above received wide publicity. In 1796, in the first book of the anthology of poems “Aonids”, published by Karamzin, who came out of the same university printing house, the words “dawn”, “moth”, “eagle”, “tears” were printed with the letter “e”. ”, and the 1st verb is “flowed”.

It’s just not clear whether this was Karamzin’s personal idea or the initiative of some employee of the publishing house. It should be noted that Karamzin did not use the letter “e” in scientific works (for example, in the famous “History of the Russian State” (1816 - 1829)).

Distribution issues

Although the letter “е” was proposed to be introduced in 1783, and was used in print in 1795, for a long time it was not considered a separate letter and it was not officially introduced into the alphabet. This is very typical for newly introduced letters: the status of the symbol “th” was the same; it (in comparison with “e”) became mandatory for use back in 1735. In his “Russian Spelling”, Academician J. K. Grot noted, that both of these letters “should also occupy a place in the alphabet,” but for a long time this remained only a good wish.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. An obstacle to the spread of the letter “е” was the then attitude towards such a “yocking” pronunciation as petty-bourgeois speech, the dialect of the “vile rabble,” while the “yokking” “church” pronunciation was considered more noble, intelligent and cultural (with a “yocking” "Fought, for example, V.K. Trediakovsky and A.P. Sumarokov).

12/23/1917 (01/05/1918) a decree was published (undated) signed by the Soviet People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky, who introduced reformed spelling as mandatory, it said, among other things: “To recognize the use of the letter “е” as desirable, but not mandatory. "

Thus, the letters “ё” and “й” formally entered the alphabet (having received serial numbers) only in Soviet times (if you do not take into account the “New ABC” (1875) by Leo Tolstoy, where there was the letter “ё" between " e" and yatem, in 31st place).

On December 24, 1942, the use of the letter “e” by order of the People’s Commissar of Education of the RSFSR was introduced into compulsory school practice, and since then (sometimes, however, they remember 1943 and even 1956, when spelling normative rules were first published) it is considered officially included in the Russian alphabet .

For the next 10 years, scientific and fiction literature was published almost exclusively using the letter “е,” and then publishers returned to the old practice: using the letter only when absolutely necessary.

There is a legend that Joseph Stalin influenced the popularization of the letter “ё”. It says that in 1942, on December 6, I.V. An order was brought to Stalin for signature, where the names of a number of generals were printed not with the letter “ё”, but with “e”. Stalin was angry, and the next day all the articles in the Pravda newspaper suddenly appeared with the letter “e”.

On July 9, 2007, Russian Minister of Culture A. S. Sokolov, giving an interview to the Mayak radio station, expressed his opinion on the need to use the letter “e” in written speech.

Basic rules for using the letter “ё” /Legislative acts

On December 24, 1942, the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR V.P. Potemkin, by order No. 1825, introduced the letter “Ё,ё” into mandatory practice. Shortly before the order was issued, an incident occurred when Stalin treated rudely the manager of the Council of People's Commissars, Ya. Chadayev, because on December 6 (or 5), 1942, he brought him a decree for signature, where the names of a number of generals were printed without the letter “e”.

Chadayev informed the editor of Pravda that the leader wanted to see “ё” in print. Thus, already on December 7, 1942, the newspaper issue suddenly came out with this letter in all articles.

Federal Law No. 53-FZ “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” dated 06/01/2005 in part 3 of Art. 1 states that when using Russian modern literary language as the state language, the Government of the Russian Federation determines the procedure for approving the rules and norms of Russian punctuation and spelling.

The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the procedure for approving the norms of the modern Russian literary language when used as the state language of the Russian Federation, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation” dated November 23, 2006 No. 714 establishes that, based on the recommendations given by the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language, a list reference books, grammars and dictionaries, which contain the norms of the modern Russian literary language, when it is used in the Russian Federation as the state language, as well as the rules of Russian punctuation and spelling, are approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Letter No. AF-159/03 dated 05/03/2007 “On the decisions of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language” of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation prescribes writing the letter “e” in case of probability of misreading words, for example, in proper names, since in In this case, ignoring the letter “е” violates the requirements of the Federal Law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation.”

According to the current rules of Russian punctuation and spelling, the letter ё is used selectively in texts during normal printing. But, at the request of the editor or author, any book can be printed using the letter e sequentially.

The sound of "Yo"

The letter “ё” is used:

To convey the stressed vowel [o] and at the same time indicate the softness of the previous consonant: youth, comb, crawl, oats, lying, during the day, honey, dog, everything, trudged, Fedor, aunt (after g, k, x this is only used for borrowing : Höglund, Goethe, liqueur, Cologne, exception - the only proper Russian word tkesh, tkem, weave, weave with derivatives, and formed in Russian from the borrowed word panicer);

To convey the accent [o] after hissing words: silk, zhzhem, click, damn (in this position, the conditions for choosing between writing with “o” or with “e” are set by a rather complex system of lists of exception words and rules);

To convey the combination of [j] and the percussive sound [o]:

At the beginning of the words: container, hedgehog, Christmas tree;

After consonants (a separating sign is used): volume, viet, linen.

After the vowel letters: her, loan, striker, tip, spit, forges;

In native Russian words, only the stressed sound “ё” is possible (even if the stress is collateral: loess-like, four-story, three-seater); if, during word formation or inflection, the stress moves to another syllable, then “е” will be replaced with “e” (takes - will choose, honey - honey - on honey, about what - about nothing (but: about nothing )).

Along with the letter “е” in borrowings, the same sound meaning can be conveyed after consonants - the combination ё and in other cases - yo. Also in borrowings “ё” can be an unstressed vowel.

Yo and E

§ 10 of the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation”, officially in force since 1956, defines the cases when “ё” is used in writing:

"1. When it is necessary to prevent incorrect reading and understanding of a word, for example: we recognize as opposed to learn; everything is different from everything; bucket as opposed to bucket; perfect (participle) as opposed to perfect (adjective), etc.

2. When you need to indicate the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: Olekma river.

3. In special texts: primers, school textbooks of the Russian language, spelling textbooks, etc., as well as in dictionaries to indicate the place of stress and correct pronunciation
Note. In foreign words, at the beginning of words and after vowels, instead of the letter ё, yo is written, for example; iodine, district, major."

§ 5 of the new edition of these rules (published in 2006 and approved by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences) regulates these issues in more detail:

“The use of the letter ё can be consistent and selective.
Consistent use of the letter ё is mandatory in the following types of printed texts:

a) in texts with sequentially placed accent marks;

b) in books addressed to young children;

c) in educational texts for primary schoolchildren and foreigners studying the Russian language.

Note 1. The sequential use of ё is adopted for the illustrative part of these rules.

Note 3. In dictionaries, words with the letter e are placed in the general alphabet with the letter e, for example: barely, unctuous, fir-tree, spruce, elozit, fir-tree, fir-tree, spruce; to have fun, to have fun, gaiety, cheerful, fun.

In ordinary printed texts, the letter е is used selectively. It is recommended to use it in the following cases.

1. To prevent incorrect identification of a word, for example: everything, sky, summer, perfect (in contrast to the words everything, sky, summer, perfect), including to indicate the place of stress in the word, for example: bucket, we recognize (unlike a bucket, let's find out).

2. To indicate the correct pronunciation of a word - either rare, not well known, or having a common incorrect pronunciation, e.g.: gyozy, surfing, fleur, harder, lye, including to indicate the correct stress, e.g.: fable, brought, carried away , convicted, newborn, spy.

3. In proper names - surnames, geographical names, for example: Konenkov, Neyolova, Catherine Deneuve, Schrödinger, Dezhnev, Koshelev, Chebyshev, Veshenskaya, Olekma.”

“Yo”, “yo” and “yo” in borrowed words and the transfer of foreign proper names

The letter “е” is often used to convey the sounds [ø] and [œ] (for example, denoted by the letter “ö”) in foreign names and words.

In borrowed words, the letter combinations “jo” or “yo” are usually used to record combinations of phonemes such as /jo/:

After consonants, at the same time softening them ("broth", "battalion", "mignon", "guillotine", "senor", "champignon", "pavilion", "fjord", "companion", etc.) - in Romance languages usually in places after palatalized [n] and [l] “о” is written.

At the beginning of words ("iota", "iodine", "yogurt", "yoga", "York", etc.) or after vowels ("district", "coyote", "meiosis", "major", etc.) spelled “yo”;

However, in recent decades, “ё” has been increasingly used in these cases. It has already become a normative element in the systems of transferring titles and names (transliteration sense) from a number of Asian languages ​​(for example, the Kontsevich system for the Korean language and the Polivanov system for the Japanese language): Yoshihito, Shogun, Kim Yongnam.

In European borrowings, the sound is conveyed by the letter “е” very rarely; it is most often found in words from the languages ​​of Scandinavia (Jörmungand, Jötun), but, as a rule, it exists along with the usual transmission through “yo” (for example, Jörmungand) and is often considered non-normative.

“Ё” in borrowed words is often unstressed and in this position its pronunciation is indistinguishable from the letters “I”, “i” or “e” (Erdős, shogunate, etc.), i.e., its original clarity is lost and it sometimes turns into just an indication of a certain pronunciation in the source language.

Consequences of not using the letter “ё”

The slowness of the entry of the letter “е” into the practice of writing (which, by the way, never fully took place) is explained by its inconvenient form for cursive writing, which contradicts its main principle - the unity (without tearing the pen from the sheet of paper) of the style, as well as the technical difficulties of technology publishing houses of pre-computer times.

In addition, people with last names with the letter “е” often have difficulties, sometimes insurmountable, when preparing various documents, since some employees are irresponsible when writing this letter. This problem became especially acute after the introduction of the Unified State Examination system, when there is a danger of differences in the spelling of the name in the passport and in the Certificate of Unified State Examination results.

The habitual optionality of use led to the erroneous reading of a number of words, which gradually became generally accepted. This process affected everything: both a huge number of personal names and numerous common nouns.

Stable ambiguity is caused by words written without the letter e such as: piece of iron, everything, flax, let's take a break, blowjob (will fly by without hitting you), perfect, planted, in summer, recognize, palate, tapeworm, admits, etc. are increasingly used erroneous pronunciation (without ё) and shifting stress in the words beet, newborn, etc.

"e" turns into "e"

The ambiguity contributed to the fact that sometimes the letter “е” began to be used in writing (and, naturally, read [`o]) in those words where it should not be there. For example, instead of the word “grenadier” - “grenadier”, and instead of the word “scam” - “scam”, also instead of the word “guardianship” - “guardianship”, and instead of the word “being” - “being”, etc. Sometimes such incorrect pronunciation and spelling become common.

Thus, the famous chess player Alexander Alekhine, world champion, was, in fact, Alekhine and was very indignant if his last name was pronounced and spelled incorrectly. His surname belongs to the noble family of Alekhins and is not derived from the familiar variable “Alyokha” from the name Alexey.

In those positions where it is necessary to be not ё, but е, it is recommended to place an accent in order to prevent incorrect recognition of words (everyone, takes) or erroneous pronunciation (grenadier, scam, Croesus, stout, Olesha).

Due to the spelling of words without e in the 20-30s. XX century Many errors arose in the pronunciation of those words that people learned from newspapers and books, and not from colloquial speech: musketeer, youth, driver (these words said “e” instead of “e”).

Orthoepy: the emergence of new variants

Due to the optional use of the letter “е”, words have appeared in the Russian language that allow the possibility of being written with both the letter “e” and “е”, and the corresponding pronunciation. For example, faded and faded, maneuver and maneuver, whitish and whitish, bile and bile, etc.

Such variants constantly appear in the language due to the action of contradictory analogies. For example, the word nadsekshiy has variants of pronunciation with e/e due to the double motivation: notch/notch. The use or non-use of the letter “ё” does not matter here. But, developing naturally, a literary language, as a rule, tends to eliminate variants: either one of them will become non-literary, incorrect (golo[l`o]ditsa, iz[d`e]vka), or pronunciation variants will acquire different meanings (is[ t`o]kshiy - is[t`e]kshiy) .

It is preferably pronounced not “glider”, but “glider” (stressed 1st syllable), since the following trends exist in the Russian language: in the names of mechanisms, machines, and various devices, stress is preferable on the 1st syllable, or more precisely, on the penultimate one , i.e., glider, trireme, glider, tanker, and on the last one - when indicating the character: combine operator, driver, watchman.

Inconsistency in the use of the letter “е” is an artificial rather than a natural factor. And it helps to slow down the natural development of the language, giving rise to and maintaining pronunciation options that are not determined by intralingual reasons.

In writing we use letters, in speaking we use sounds. We use letters to represent the sounds we pronounce. There is no simple and direct correspondence between letters and sounds: there are letters that do not denote sounds, there are cases when a letter means two sounds, and cases when several letters mean one sound. Modern Russian has 33 letters and 42 sounds.

Kinds

Letters are vowels and consonants. The letters soft sign and hard sign do not form sounds; there are no words in the Russian language that begin with these letters. The Russian language is “vocal”; Russian words have many vowels (o, e, i, a) and voiced consonants (n, l, v, m, r). There are significantly fewer noisy, deaf, hissing ones (zh, ch, sh, shch, c, f). The vowels yu, e, ё are also rarely used. On a letter, instead of the letter ё, the letter e is often written without losing the meaning.

Alphabet

The letters of the Russian language are listed below in alphabetical order. Uppercase and lowercase letters are shown and their names are indicated. Vowels are marked in red, consonants are in blue, letters ь, ъ are in grey.

A a B b C c D d E d e e e f f g h h i i j j K k L l M m N n O o P p R r S s T t U u F f X x C t H h Sh sh sch q y y b ee y y I

The letter L is called "el" or "el", the letter E is sometimes called "E reverse".

Numbering

Numbers of letters of the Russian alphabet in forward and reverse order:

Lyubov Ryzhkova Magic Primer Letter L

Lollipop, Turkish delight, lemon

Delicacies from all sides.

Lemonade and caramel

From the history of the letter -L-

The letter -L- is now called -EL-, but this was not always the case. The ancient name of the letter is PEOPLE. Interesting name, isn't it? The word is Proto-Slavic and comes from the word LYUD meaning PEOPLE.

How did this letter -i- appear at the end? That's how.

The fact is that previously there was such a form of the word as LYUDIN, that is, man. By the way, the word COMMON still exists today, and it goes back to those distant roots.

In the Kaluga region there is a town with an amazing name - LYUDINOVO. Apparently, this was once the name given to a PULLED place, that is, a place where a lot of people live.

But we will go even further. Let's try to find out what the word PEOPLE means? This word comes from the Indo-European “leudh”, which means “to grow”. Interesting, right? This means that PEOPLE is someone who grows, that is, a person, a person. The Germans, for example, still translate the word Leute as PEOPLE.

THIS is the story of such a familiar, familiar letter, but how confused everything is over the centuries!

This letter has always been loved in Rus', because it is with it that such a holy feeling as Love is associated. Ancient people believed that it was LOVE that was at the basis of everything living and that it was it that moved the world.

Among the Slavs, the goddess of Love was called Lelya, and the goddess of family and marriage was Lada.

In all the books that people call holy, it is written that God himself is Love, and that all people need to love each other. And then everyone on earth will live very comfortably.

This probably makes a lot of sense.

Remember the proverb:

In the forest the forest is not level, in the world there are people.

RELATIVE WORDS

We have already named many words formed from the root -LUD-o, but we probably can’t list them all. So let's remember at least a few. Or maybe you can name some yourself?

For example, folk tales often feature a villain who hates people. What is it called? This is... MAN-EATING. Remember which fairy tales have cannibals? That’s right, in the book by Alexander Volkov “The Wizard of the Emerald City”, in the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm “Toy-toe”, in the fairy tale by Charles Perrault “Puss in Boots”. Tell me which fairy tales with the cannibal you still remember.

But let's return to the same root words. There is also such an outdated word - HUMAN, which used to be the name for the servants' quarters in a manor house.

You know, I want to tell you about another very old and beautiful Russian word. We often use it and don’t even think about when and how it happened.

In addition, in Russia, in the Ryazan region, a river flowed

With that name.

And the favorite bird of Rus' also bears this name. This is SWAN.

Russia is even poetically called the SWAN country. This word, my friend, is Proto-Slavic and once upon a time, a long time ago, it was the name given to a WHITE bird. The fact is that a little later there was a rearrangement of the sounds -el- on -le-. This is a fairly common occurrence in our language. And the word WHITE began to sound like SWAN.

YOU want to know what kind of river flowed in Russia with that name? THIS IS A BULLSHIT. True, now this river does not exist, unfortunately, it was buried and something was built in this place. Sad story, but true. But we have a wonderful word - SWAN and many derivatives from it: SWAN, WINCH, SWAN, SWAN.

Literary names

Nikolai Leskov (1831-1895) is an amazing Russian writer, whose rich, generous prose introduces us to a unique world. The writer shows us a cross-section of Russian life, depicts such depths of the human soul that only a very wise person can know about. You will get acquainted with such works of his as “The Enchanted Wanderer”, “The Beast”, “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”, “Peacock” and others, and will remain his fan for many years.

Mikhail Lermontov (1814-1841) is a poet whose work became the pinnacle of Russian poetry. The poet's whole life is shrouded in mystery. His fate is amazing and tragic. Such are his poems - full of this magic and mystery.

Even if Mikhail Yuryevich had written only one poem, “The Cliff,” he would have remained in Russian literature, taking its rightful place, because the poem is an example of harmony and perfection.

The golden cloud spent the night

On the chest of a giant rock;

In the morning she rushed off early,

Having fun playing across the azure.

Boris Larin (1893 - 1964) - famous linguist, a man of deep erudition. Suffice it to say that he knew all Slavic and Western European languages, spoke Greek and Latin, and had an excellent knowledge of the ancient Indian language - Sanskrit.

It was Boris Aleksandrovich Larin who was one of the first to prove the kinship of the Russian language and Sanskrit, and moreover, he assigned paramount importance to the Russian language.

If you, my friend, are interested in the history of your native language, turn to the works of Boris Alexandrovich. He knew how to write about complex things simply, and this is a sure sign of great talent.

Lily of the valley, ranunculus and leftover

These are all flowers, my friend.

With the letter -L- more flowers

I know. What about you?